Objective To investigate the species and distribution of the genus Atrichopogon in Jiangxi province, China, and to provide basic data for the biological research of Atrichopogon in this area. Methods The netting and light trapping methods were used to collect midges from 2008 to 2017. Results A total of 16 species belonging to 5 subgenera from the genus Atrichopogon were identified. Atrichopogon formosanus, A. spartos, and A. pileolus were the widely distributed species in Jiangxi province. One new species from the genus Atrichopogon was reported, which was named as A. ( Psilokempia) ruijinensis, sp. nov., and its morphological characteristics were described. The type specimens of the new species were deposited at Nanchang Center for Disease Control and Prevention (Nanchang 330038). Conclusion With the deepening of taxonomic research and investigation, more species from the genus Atrichopogon will be discovered in Jiangxi province.

Objective To investigate the species composition and distribution of biting midges(Ceratopogonidae)in nine tourist attractions of Mount Lu, Mount Sanqing, Mount Longhu, Meiling Mountain, Mingyue Mountain, Fairy Lake, Wuyuan, Jinggang Mountains, and Ruijin in Jiangxi province, China. Methods The light trapping, netting, and human trap methods were used to collect non-blood-sucking and blood-sucking midges. Excel 2007 software was used to perform a statistical analysis on the number and composition ratio of biting midges collected. Results A total of 30 831 midges were collected from the nine tourist attractions in Jiangxi province, which belonged to 126 species, 9 genera,and 3 subfamilies. Among them,there were 65 species of 3 genera from subfamily Forcipomyiinae, 13 species of 1 genus from subfamily Dasyheleinae,and 48 species of 5 genera from subfamily Ceratopogoninae. A total of 10 new species were reported for the first time, and 30 species were new records for Jiangxi province. Culicoides, Forcipomyia, and Dasyhelea accounted for 73.56%,13.47%, and 9.40%, respectively, of the total catch. There were 66 species of 7 genera in Meiling Mountain, 57 species of 9 genera in Jinggang Mountains, 37 species of 7 genera in Mount Lu, 29 species of 5 genera in Mingyue Mountain, 26 species of 6 genera in Ruijin, 22 species of 5 genera in Fairy Lake, 22 species of 5 genera in Wuyuan, 21 species of 5 genera in Mount Longhu,and 17 species of 4 genera in Mount Sanqing. Culicoides arakawae(40.64%)and C. oxystoma(35.20%)were the dominant species in the nine tourist attractions of Jiangxi province. The composition ratio of main midge species varied in different tourist attractions. Conclusion The species composition and distribution of midges, especially blood-sucking midges, in tourist attractions of Jiangxi province are obtained, which provides a scientific basis for the control of blood-sucking midges and midge-borne diseases in the tourist attractions of Jiangxi province, China.

Objective To identify the blood meal source in Culicoides using polymerase chain reaction (PCR), and to study the diversity of blood-sucking habit. Methods Blood-engorged Culicoides were collected by light-traps in habitats related to human activities at a village in suburban Nanchang, China, August 2017. Species-specific primers were designed based on differences between mitochondrial cytochrome b sequences of common Culicoides hosts to set up a PCR system. The blood meal source in Culicoides was identified with positive and negative controls of animal blood source. Results Culicoides arakawae and C. oxystoma were the predominant species in the peasant household habitat, accounting for 37.01% and 33.85%, respectively. Culicoides arakawae (81.40%) was the dominating specie in chicken coops and C. oxystoma (57.66%) was the predominant specie in pigsties. Results of PCR for blood meal source in Culicoides showed that specific PCR products were amplified from the DNA extracted from Culicoides and known animal blood samples. Moreover, C. arakawae, C. oxystoma, C. punctatus, and C. homotomus could suck both human and animal blood, and they had the habit of simultaneously sucking blood from 2-4 host animals. The blood sucking index for human blood of C. arakawae, C. oxystoma, C. punctatus, and C. homotomus was 0.13, 0.63, 0.33, and 1.00, respectively. Conclusion The PCR method has advantages in sensitivity and reliability in identifying the Culicoides blood meal source. The four Culicoides are all capable of feeding on human and animal blood, with wild blood-sucking objects and diverse habit.

A total 63 784 midegs were collected in the popular scenic spots, Jinggang Mountain and Lu Mountain in Jiangxi province during 2009 to 2014, two new species and 4 new records were found after classifying and identifying the specimens. Two new species were collected from Lu Mountain and Jinggang Mountain, which were named as Dasyhelea (Dasyhelea) lushanensis sp. nov. and Dasyhelea (Dasyhelea) wumazhaotiani sp. nov., respectively. Four new records were Dasyhelea (Dasyhelea)ampelis Yu, 2005; Dasyhelea (Dasyhelea) viduus Yu, 2002; Dasyhelea (Pseudoculicoides)dentiforceps Tokunaga, 1940 and Dasyhelea (Dasyhelea) paragrata Remm, 1972. Dasyhelea (Dasyhelea) lushanensis sp. nov. was resembled to Dasyhelea intosa Debenham, 1987, but the terminal of aedeagal parameral is not hook shape. Dasyhelea (Dasyhelea) wumazhaotiani sp. nov. was similar to Dasyhelea ampullariae Macfie,1934, but they can be distinguished by the morphology of the paramere with or without the curved twigs. The type specimens are deposited in the Medical Entomology Collection Gallery (Fengtai East street No. 20, Beijing 100071).

Objective To establish a cockroach risk assessment system for key industries during large scale events by risk recognition and evaluation methods, and to apply the system for the cockroach risk assessment in key industries during the Seventh National Intercity Games in Nanchang, China. Methods The probabilities of cockroach infestation were qualitatively or quantitatively defined, and the risk indices for infestation in key industries were determined according to AS/NZS4360:2004 risk assessment matrix. Results Ten key industries were evaluated for the risk of cockroach infestation. Three industries had grade A probability of infestation, 7 industries had grade B probability, and 1 industry had grade C probability; restaurants had grade 3 outcome of infestation, farmer’s markets, teahouses, and night clubs had grade 1 outcome, and the other 6 sectors had grade 2 outcome. According to the risk indices in key industries, restaurants had an extremely high-level risk (E) of infestation, hospital, teahouses, and night clubs had a medium-level risk (M), and the other 7 sectors had a high-level risk (H). Conclusion By establishing the cockroach risk assessment system for key industries, the biohazards of cockroaches in key industries can be predicted. Not only can this system play a good role in early warning, but it can also help us take specific prevention and control measures in the industries with different risk levels.

The biting midges (in the family Ceratopogonidae) in various habitats in Nanchang city, Jiangxi province, China were investigated from 2008 to 2010, and a new species of the subgenus Forcipomyia of biting midges was found by identifying the collected samples. The new species was Forcipomyia (Forcipomyia) hongdouensis Yu, Liu et Chen, sp. nov., named after Hongdu park, Qingyunpu town, Nanchang city, where its samples were collected. The specimens of the new species were deposited in the Medical Entomology Collection Gallery, Institute of Microbiology and Epidemiology, Chinese Academy of Military Medical Sciences (20 Dongda Street, Fengtai District, Beijing 100071). Forcipomyia (Forcipomyia) hongdouensis Yu and Liu sp. nov. (Figure 1) Diagnosis: Male: of large size; compound eyes bare, and the 3rd segment of palpus slender and with a light sensory pit; the distal 4th segment of flagellomere elongated, and the 12th segment longest; legs pale yellow without any spot; TR<1, hind tibia with 8 terminal bristles, and 13 comb teeth; aedeagus long shield-like and paramere X-shaped. Wing length 1.64 mm, width 0.41 mm; TR<1, TR(Ⅰ) 0.58, TR(Ⅱ) 0.31, TR(Ⅲ) 0.37. F-T(Ⅰ) 96:101:28:48:30:22:15, F-T(Ⅱ) 108:118:20:64:33:22:15,F-T(Ⅲ) 110:123:26:70:36:26:15. This new species has a highly distinctive palpus different from that of other species of the subgenus Forcipomyia, because of its light sensory pit. But it resembles to F.(F.) fuliginosa (Meigen), 1818 and F.(F.) intosa (Chan and LeRoux,1971) in the structure of the genitalia; it is also similar to the F.(F.) striaticornis (Kieffer),1902, in the structures of the aedeagus and paramere, but is distinguished by the light branch of aedeagus. Holotype: Male ( ♂). 2010-10-28, collected from Hongdu park, Qingyunpu town, Nanchang city, Jiangxi province, China. Deposited in the Medical Entomology Collection Gallery, Institute of Microbiology and Epidemiology, Chinese Academy of Military Medical Sciences (20 Dongda Street, Fengtai District, Beijing 100071). Female: Unknown.

Risk assessment technology is more and more wildly applied in the control of vectors and vector-borne diseases. This paper discusses the theory of risk management, and reviews the latest research advances in qualitative risk analysis and quantitative risk analysis, with emphasis on the application of risk assessment matrix, Delphi method, mathematical statistics, mathematical modeling, and geographic information system in this field, and compares the two risk analysis methods.

Objective To establish a rodent risk assessment system for major industries based on risk recognition and evaluation and apply the system to the nine major industries of Nanchang. Methods A indicator matrix was built on the three epidemiological factors with which the risk recognition was initiated to analyze the rodent risk in all industries. Results Different extents of rodent risks were found in the industries, while a high risk of plague, hemorrhagic fever with renal syndrome and other rodent-borne diseases was seen in construction sites, bus stations and farm product markets. Moderate risks were found in hotels, restaurants, hospitals and supermarkets. Conclusion The risk assessment system may be used to predict rodent encroachment on special sectors and provide early warning to inform targeted control strategies.

Objective To get insight into the species composition of midges in the Meiling scenic area, providing a scientific base for the control and prevention of blood-sucking midges in the area. Methods The light trap and insect net capture Methods were employed to collect midges in different habitats in the scenic area, and slide specimen were used for the identification of the species in the laboratory. Results A total of 29 species of midges belonging to 5 genera were collected, of which 13 species (11 species belonging to genus Culicoides, 2 species to genus Lasiohel) belonging to two genera, were identified as the blood-sucking midges, with 16 species of 3 genera including 5 species of Dasyhelea, 8 species of Forcipomyia and 3 species of Atrichopogon identified as non-blood-sucking midges. 23 species of midges were found to be new in Nanchang. Conclusion Researches on midges, especially on the blood-sucking midges are not well develpoed and efforts remain to be made to deepen the area in well-rounded manners.

Objective To investigate the rat density in different habitats and the prevalence of major rodent-borne diseases in Nanchang, and to assess the risks of occurrence of rodent-borne diseases. Methods The rodent species was measured using night traps, and data on major rodent-borne diseases were retrieved from the information reporting system for infectious diseases. Risk assessment was completed using the risk assessment matrix. Results From 2006 to 2008, the average density of rats was 1.03% in Nanchang. Rattus norvegicus was the predominant species, accounting for 52.55%, followed by Mus musculus and R. tanezumi, accounting for 18.88% and 17.35%, respectively. The highest rat density, 1.83%, was observed in natural villages of rural areas among the 3 habitats, followed by that in special sectors, 0.89%; and the lowest, 0.56%, was in residential lots. The average incidence of hemorrhagic fever with renal syndrome (HFRS) was 0.68/10⁵ in Nanchang from 2006 to 2008, without human or rodent plague outbreaks in 3 consecutive years. As for the future risk, HFRS occurrence was highly likely in Nanchang, and plague occurrence was possible. Conclusion A scientific risk assessment system may help to predict the risk of disease occurrence.

Objective To determine the resistance of Culex pipiens quinquefasciatus in different habitats in Nanchang to 6 kinds of insecticide such as dichlorvos, providing the basis for development of control measures. Methods The larvae, eggs and adults of Cx. pipiens quinquefasciatus were collected from different habitats in the east, south, west, north and central part of Nanchang city. After 1 to 2 generations of laboratory breeding, the insecticide resistance of the subjects was measured by the impregnation method. Results The resistance coefficients of the mosquitoes from 5 different habitats were 1.19-2.05, 0.57-1.80 and 0.57-1.73 times to propoxur, temephos and dichlorvos, suggesting that the mosquitoes were sensitive to these insecticides. Their resistance coefficients to pyrethroids such as permethrin and cypermethrin were 5.33-56.83 and 10.39-42.17 times, indicating different degrees of resistance. Conclusion There were no insecticide resistance of Cx. pipiens quinquefasciatus against propoxur, temephos and dichlorvos in different habitats in Nanchang, China. On the contrary, there were midium and high resistance against permethrin and cypermethrin. The monitoring of its inseticide resistance should be strengthened in conjunction with proper application of insecticides in order to delay resistance evolution.

【Abstract】 Objective To detect the resistance of Musca domestica in various habitats in early phase with the method of acetylcholinesterase. Methods The  traditional  assay  method  and  acetylcholinesterase  were  used  to  detect  the  resistance  of M. domestica  in  various  habitats  to  dichlorvos (DDVP)  and  propoxur. Results The  bioassay results showed that 4 strains of M. domestica in the residential areas, restaurants, refuse transfer stations and agricultural fair had different resistance to DDVP, and the resistance ratio were 34.07, 22.57，20.05 and 17.43, respectively. The resistance ratio to propoxur was 2.68, 3.48, 2.15 and 2.74, respectively. The DDVP-resistance individual rates of 4 strains in the residential areas, restaurants, refuse transfer stations and agricultural fair were 100%, 82%, 55% and 29%, while propoxur-resistant individual rates of them were 28%, 42%, 12% and 27%, respectively. Except for the strain in refuse transfer stations, the others had resistance to DDVP and propoxur. Conclusion The detection results of acetylcholinesterase were basically consistent with that of bioassays, and it could be used to the early detection of resistance. The 4 resistant strains had middle or high resistance to DDVP and low resistance to propoxur. So, DDVP should be inhibited, and the mixed and rotational use measure could be taken to avoid and delay the development of resistance.

【Abstract】 Objective To know the diurnal cycles and species community of Dasyhelea fasciigera and to provide some basic information for its control. Methods Waving net method was used in this study. Results Five new species were found, which were D.dufouri, D.caeruleus, D.ornatus, D.paragrata and D.raoheensis. The results indicated the peak of D. fasciiger dance was  4  o’clock  at  noon  with  the  temperature  of  25 ℃  and  the  humidity  of 68%. Conclusion The species of D. fasciigera are abundant in Beijing, and there is an obvious dance peak.

【Abstract】 Objective To illustrate the composition, seasonal fluctuation and the diversity of flies  at different habitants in different months in Nanchang. Methods Cage trapping method was used for the monitoring of fly density, and the species diversity index and evenness index were employed. Results The dominant species of fly were Musca domestica, Chrysomya megacephala and Lucilia sericata in Nanchang. There were two peaks in one year, one in May to June, and the other in  September. The species diversity index and the evenness index were the highest in May, reaching 0.4036 and 0.4229 respectively. In 4 different habitants, both indexes were the maximum in farm market, which were 0.4768 and 0.5280, respectively. Conclusion The population characteristics of flies can be reflected with the species diversity index and the evenness index.

Objective To understand the population structure and the dominant species of cockroaches in Nanchang city nowadays,and to explore the control effect of different control methods.Methods The sticky paper with trapped cockroaches was used to investigate the population structure of cockroaches.The control effect of spray,poison bait and toxic powder on Blattella germanica was tested according to the methods of GB.Results Compared to 2001,the infestation of cockroaches was much heavier nowadays. B.germanica was the absolutely dominant species,which accounted for 99.68% of the total cockroaches.The proportions of B.germanica in the restaurant,hotel,hospital and resident areas were 99.72%,99.81%,95.00% and 92.11% respectively,and there was only B.germanica in the agriculture market.The results suggested that d-cyphenothrin had good effect on B.germanica than lambda-cyhalothrin and alphamethrin.In addition,3 poison baits tested had all good effects,among which sanyecao was the best one,which the LT ₅₀ and the mortality rate at 96 h were 0.08 d and 100%,respectively.Moreover,the mortality rate of two different poison powders were all 100%.Conclusion B.germanica was the dominant species in Nanchang city.The residual spray of d-cyphenothrin,lambda-cyhalothrin and alphamethrin could control it very well,and the poison baits and toxic powders also had good control effect on it.

Objective To study the relationship between the activities of glutathione S-transferase(GSTs) and phosphatase from German cockroach(Blattella germanica) and its resistance,so as to reveal its resistance mechanism.Methods The activity of phosphatase and the values of the Michaelis-Menten constant( K _m) and the maximum velocity( V _max) were determined according to the method of Bessey et al.The activity of glutathione s-transferase and the values of its K _m and V _max were measured according to the methods of Clark,Kao and Booth.Results The activity of acidic phosphatase from sensitive strain and field strains were 0.98 and 26.95 nmol/(insect·30 min)respectively,and the specific activities of them were 1.45 and 1.59 μmol/(mg pro·30 min).The K _m values were 26.14 and 0.89 mmol/L,and the values of the V _max were 3.33 and 0.85 nmol/(mg pro·30 min)respectively.The activity of alkaline phosphatase(ALP) from two strains were(0.03±0.00) and(0.28±0.06)nmol/(insect·30 min),and their specific activities were(0.33±0.00) and(0.37±0.00)μmol/(mg pro·30 min) respectively.The values of the K _m were 70.38 and 61.24 mmol/L,and the values of the V _max were 16.20 and 14.00 nmol/(mg pro·30 min). The activity of GSTs from two strains were 0.13 and 0.47 nmol/min respectively,and the specific activities were 8.94 and 17.37 nmol/(mg pro·min) respectively.The values of the K _m were 2.08 and 5.81 mmol/L,and the values of the V _max were 0.08 and 0.17 nmol/min.Conclusion The activity change of glutathione s-transferase and phosphatase from field strain German cockroaches was related to the resistance.

Objective To control the invasion of Blattella germanica on passenger trains. Methods Several measures were corporately used in this study, including spray, poisonous powder and gel bait. Results Compared to June, the cockroach density decreased 64.79% in July and 90.35% in August. The invasion rate was under 2.0% since August. In addition, in July, the invasion of cockroach decreased 69.76% in the serious invasion carriages, 66.86% in the moderate invasion carriages and 53.85% in the slight invasion carriages, respectively. In August, it decreased 98.79% in the serious invasion carriages, 86.98% in the moderate invasion carriages and 73.63% in the slight invasion carriages, respectively. The serious invasion carriage had never founded in September, and it decreased 95.86% in the moderate invasion carriages and 78.02% in the slight invasion carriages. Conclusion At present, chemical control is still a key measure to control cockroach, and several chemicals combination measure can effectively control the invasion of the cockroach, synchronously strengthening the environment repairs and service quality management.

Objective To determine the role of the esterase in the effect of the Zymplex on Culex( Culex) pipinens pallens Coquillet,1898.Methods Polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis(PAGE).Results Both the treated groups and the control demonstrated three bands(named A,B,C) and showed the samiliar results in different treated methods.Their relative migration rate were 0.42,0.45,0.51 respectively.It also showed that in the treated groups the amount of the esterase of B and A and C increased and in the control groups the amount of the esterase of B and C increased compared with each other.Conclusion PAGE method can be used in the study of the mechanism of the enzyme product against mosquito.

Objective To compare the killing effect of the zymplex and other the four insecticides against larvae,eggs,pupae of Culex quinquefasciatus,Aedes albopictus<.Methods Immersion method.Results The LC ₅₀(μg/ml) of the zymplex,dichlorvos,deltamethrin,permethrin,propoxur against C.quinquefasciatus were 1046,0.284 7,0.001389,0.111,0.542 9 respectively,and against A.albopictus were 1206,0.04289,0.00064559,0.4931,0.978 respectively.The effect of zymplex on killing eggs,pupae was much higher than those of the other four insecticides,its residual period against C.quinquefasciatus and A.albopictus could last 15,14 days(laboratory condition);12,8 days(field),which were longer than those of the four other insecticides.Conclusion Zymplex can be introduced into the pest control operation.

Objective To demonstrate the effect of zymplex against different stages of the Culex quinquefasciatus,Ades albopictus eggs treated with different zymplex concentration with different treated time and its mechanism.Methods Immersions method and electronic microscopy.Results F-test showed that the effect of zymplex against the eggs treated with 4 concentration in 3 different times( 24 h,4 h,0.5 h) were different significantly.The effect of zymplex against different stages of the Culex quinquefasciatus eggs were different significantly.After treated, Culex quinquefasciatus eggs showed no outer appearance difference from control through SEM,while their embryo membrane was grain-shaped with it internal tissue dissolved by TEM.Conclusion Zymplex had some certain drug effect on eggs.It could kill the embryos of the eggs.